防衛力量回歸於中歐
過去三十年中的大部分時間,歐洲的防務製造業都以整合為導向,而非擴張。生產線被關閉,產能縮減。政府將防務預算視為需要削減而非增加的項目。防務預算被視為政治上不為人喜愛之投資,而該大陸則傾向將生產與在某些情況下對其他盟國的策略性依賴,外包給其他國家。.
那個時代已經過去了。.
Since 2022, Europe’s defence industry has been rebuilding at a pace few analysts expected. EU ammunition production capacity alone rose from around 300,000 rounds a year in 2022 to an estimated 2 million by the end of 2025, a rate of industrial expansion that the Financial Times has described as three times faster than typical peacetime growth. In Germany, domestic defence orders rose by more than 50% in late 2025 compared with already-elevated post-invasion levels. Rheinmetall, once a mid-sized industrial name best known for automotive components, reported revenues of nearly €10 billion in 2024, with profits rising sharply and order backlogs stretching years out. Analysts now expect European defence company revenues, in aggregate, to grow by more than 10% annually for the next decade.
這一切在整個大陸上並非都以同樣的方式發生。它在歐洲中部和東部地區的情況尤其嚴重,而決定下一波工業產能流向何處的原因也至關重要。.
Key Takeaways
- EU ammunition capacity rose from around 300,000 rounds a year in 2022 to an estimated 2 million by the end of 2025.
- Funding is large and dated: SAFE offers up to €150 billion of long-term loans, and EDIP provides €1.5 billion in grants for 2026 and 2027.
- The build-up is concentrated in Poland, Slovakia, Hungary, Romania and the Baltics, close to the war in Ukraine and on top of dormant industrial know-how.
- Defence tenants need heavier floor loads, dangerous-goods permitting, high security and speed. The constraint is facilities that can be permitted and made operational fast enough.
為什麼東方正在加速發展
地理因素顯然是其中一個關鍵因素。波蘭、斯洛伐克、匈牙利、羅馬尼亞以及波羅的海國家距離烏克蘭的戰爭距離最近,而這種距離的緊密程度直接導致了緊急情況的加劇。行業觀察人士將該地區的發展歸咎於這一距離的緊密性,而速度如今已成為決定性的制約因素:加快建設新增生產能力、加快提升已有的生產能力,以及在戰時需求轉移之前將新的防衛產品推向市場。.
But there is a second, less obvious factor: much of this region has defence manufacturing in its industrial memory. Former Czechoslovakia, Poland, Bulgaria, and Romania were once significant arms exporters, supplying markets across the Middle East, Africa, Asia, and Latin America. That industrial base didn’t disappear so much as go dormant. Rearmament is now reactivating it, and in several cases the underlying engineering knowledge, supplier relationships, and skilled labour pools never fully left.
The scale of the funding behind this shift is hard to overstate. The EU’s SAFE loan instrument makes roughly €150 billion available for defence procurement, with a firm 2030 delivery deadline and Poland positioned as one of the largest beneficiaries. Separately, the European Defence Industry Programme has launched with €1.5 billion for 2026 and 2027, split across industrial reinforcement, common procurement, and shared defence projects, all aimed at expanding manufacturing output and strengthening supply chains across the continent. The 2030 deadline attached to SAFE funding is not a suggestion. Given the lead times involved in both equipment delivery and the capacity investments needed to support it, meeting it will require compressing timelines that, under peacetime procurement rules, would normally take considerably longer.
| EU defence funding instrument | 尺寸 | 类型 |
| SAFE (Security Action for Europe) | up to €150 billion | Long-term, low-cost loans for joint procurement |
| EDIP (European Defence Industry Programme) | €1.5 billion | Grants, including a Ukraine Support Instrument |
Which Central European Countries Are Leading?
一些最清晰的跡象正在國家層面上出現:
- 匈牙利‘s Zrínyi 2026 program 匈牙利採取了獨特的方法,從零開始推動重工業化,而非單純吸引外國投資。與雷明特公司合資生產Lynx步兵戰鬥車的合作,讓匈牙利政府透過一家國有控股公司擁有49%的股權,而非僅僅擔任承建商的角色。匈牙利也與空客直屬子公司簽署了類似協議,在其在吉烏拉的工廠直接持有30%的股份。.
- 波蘭 波蘭正在擴充裝甲車輛、防空系統和反無人機系統的裝備規模,並已將其SAFE撥款額中的超過20億歐元專用於烏克蘭防衛科技,儘管大部分資金仍需要流向國內產業。波蘭亦已開始開發一種結合感測器、電子戰和攔截無人機的移動防空系統。.
- 斯洛伐克 和 羅馬尼亞 隨著主要承包商開始減少對單一國家依賴的風險,他們正日益捲入大型平台的供應鏈中,從車輛組件到工程與物流支援等各項服務。.
- 烏克蘭 該項目正直接融入歐洲防務產業基礎設施,烏克蘭設計的無人機生產線已在波蘭、德國、波羅的海國家和英國投入運作,並計劃在2026年設立十個烏克蘭出口中心。.
What Does the Defence Boom Cover Beyond Tanks and Ammunition?
在這次重新裝備週期中,其中一個更令人引人注目的變化是其規模的擴大。該領域的分析人士指出,至少有五個不同領域從這項支出增加中受益,而這些領域各自都擁有不同的工業和技術能力。.
無人機與無人系統 他們已成為成長最快的市場。 2026年初推出的歐盟無人機防禦計劃旨在到2027年建立一個層級分佈的、遍及全歐大陸的反無人機防禦系統。 德國製造商Quantum Systems的Vector無人機已在烏克蘭進行實戰測試,該公司已成為該地區最傑出的參與者之一,其軍事及商業收入同步成長。 德國與烏克蘭於2026年4月簽署了一項價值40億歐元的防衛協定,其中包括共同生產無人機的項目。.
半導體與防衛級電子產品 代表了歐洲目前正努力彌補的令人不舒服的依賴關係。現代平台,從導引導彈的控制系統到加密通信系統,都使用於複雜的處理器,而這些設備的製造則是由歐洲從美國引進,並將其外包給亞洲的工廠。EDIP的工業強化資金部分用於彌補這個缺口。.
金屬密集型製造業 德國是其中一個最直接受益者。艦艇、裝甲車輛、火炮系統以及導彈發射器基本上都是由金屬製成的,分析人士估計,歐洲增長型防衛支出中的約40%將用於採購金屬含量較高的設備,這與北約在該類別下的典型標準相差約兩倍。這是一項領域,傳統上位於中歐重工業領域的設備和相關工人的生產能力幾乎可以直接轉移到該領域。.
網路安全 逐漸成為與防務相關的成長領域。截至 2026 年 4 月,歐洲網絡安全收入年同比增長 10%,其中身份與存取管理(與政府與軍事系統保護相關的領域)的成長率最高達 18%。由於基礎技術既面向軍方也面向商業客戶,因此防務支出正與更廣泛的安全投資同步提升。.
航空航天製造業 除了軍用用途之外,這項計畫也為其他用途提供了補充。GE Aerospace 宣布,單單在 2026 年,就將投入超過 1.1 億歐元的資金,用於歐洲地區的新型製造設備投資。其中包括在波蘭投資 1500 萬歐元用於研磨與加工設備,以及在捷克投資 800 萬歐元用於精密加工與組裝工具,此外,還推出了數千名學生參與的員工培訓計畫,遍佈整個地區。.
主權能力改變不動產方程式
今年,在防務產業報導中,一個詞語不斷出現:主權能力。這個詞指的是,能夠在歐洲本土生產關鍵軍事技術的能力,而非依賴美國或亞洲供應商的進口。這個僅僅的策略轉變,對製造能力如何及何處興建產生了直接影響。.
防務生產並不像一般工業設施那樣。它通常涉及以下幾點:
- 裝甲車輛與彈藥組裝的更重載荷與結構規格
- Specialised permitting for hazardous materials and dangerous goods, often falling under Seveso-level regulation
- 比傳統的物流或製造空間更高的安全與監控要求
- 靠近現有的防務產業集群,以及擁有熟練且安全合格的工作人員
- 測量基於政府硬性期限而非常見商業租賃週期而計算的交付時間表
Governments and prime contractors alike are discovering that the constraint on rearmament isn’t only funding. It’s finding facilities that can be permitted, built, and made operational fast enough to matter. Industry analysts have consistently flagged workforce shortages and supply chain bottlenecks, particularly in electronics and specialised materials, as the practical limits on how quickly capacity can scale, even now that money is no longer the obstacle it once was.
還有一個值得坦誠提及的結構性問題。對中歐地區防務產業格局進行比較的研究指出,雖然這些經濟體在民用產業方面與西歐資本和供應鏈深度融合,但它們過去一直將其防務部門隔離於外國的滲透範圍之外。匈牙利與 Rheinmetall 和 Airbus Helicopters 之間的國家共同所有模式,直接反映了這一本能。對於在該地區經營的設施提供商和工業夥伴而言,這意味著最具持久性的作用往往是提供基礎設施和加快交付速度,而非擁有該防務產業資產本身。.
What Does Central Europe’s Industrial Map Look Like for Defence?
這些最能夠把握這波發展趨勢的國家都有共同的特質:既有現有工業基礎設施,又有熟練的製造業勞動力;開發商擁有內部許可專長,能為複雜或高危設施進行許可申請;而且擁有足夠的可用預先許可的地皮,能隨時應對當前的需求。.
這類產品傳統上都是 CTP 的核心市場,而防務領域早已包含其中。包括 KNDS、Dynamit Nobel Defence、Safran、Latecoere、Honeywell 和 Demgy EIS 等廠商,如今都在 CTPark 網絡內運作。. See 客戶故事 和 解決方案 for some examples.
What that work has surfaced is a fairly consistent set of requirements. A permitted landbank close to existing industrial parks. In-house teams that handle zoning and dangerous goods permitting directly rather than outsourcing it. A high-security baseline including stand-alone buildings, controlled access environments, and 24 hour monitoring. Flexible construction that can absorb changes mid-build as technical requirements evolve. And customisation experience spanning clean rooms, electrostatic discharge flooring, and vibration-free laboratories.
Those are the capabilities defence-adjacent manufacturing needs, whether the buyer is a prime contractor, a Tier 1 supplier, or a company scaling into the sector for the first time. Clean-room and compliance-ready requirements overlap strongly with life science, as covered in 製藥業在東歐地區正在興建什麼?.
Defence’s return to Central Europe isn’t a temporary spike tied to a single conflict. It reflects a structural decision by European governments to rebuild sovereign industrial capacity for the long term, backed by the kind of multi-year, multi-billion-euro funding commitments that don’t unwind quickly even if the security situation eventually stabilizes. For the region’s industrial real estate market, that means demand for specialised, fast-to-deliver, compliance-ready space is only getting started.
中歐地區應否擴大防務或雙用途生產? 預約電話 與 CTP 的當地團隊合作,或購買 CTP Defence Playbook,學習五種針對速度、資金、合規性、成長及市場進軍的實用策略。.
Author – CTP Research Team
Last updated – 16 October 2026
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